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1 widely
widely ['waɪdlɪ]∎ to smile widely faire un grand sourire;∎ to yawn widely bâiller profondément;∎ the houses were widely scattered/spaced les maisons étaient très dispersées/espacées∎ she has travelled widely elle a beaucoup voyagé;∎ the talk ranged widely over a variety of topics la discussion embrassa des sujets très variés;∎ the drug is now widely available/used le médicament est maintenant largement répandu/utilisé;∎ it was widely believed that war was inevitable il était largement ou communément admis que la guerre était inévitable;∎ the truth about the incident is not widely known la vérité sur l'incident n'est pas connue du grand public;∎ widely held beliefs/opinions des croyances/des opinions très répandues;∎ widely held views des points de vue très répandus;∎ to be widely read (writer, book) être très lu, avoir un grand public; (person) avoir beaucoup lu, être très cultivé;∎ she is widely read in history elle a beaucoup lu en histoire∎ prices vary widely les prix varient très sensiblement;∎ the two versions differed widely les deux versions étaient sensiblement différentes;∎ the students came from widely differing backgrounds les étudiants venaient d'horizons très différents -
2 widely
1 ( commonly) [acknowledged, accepted, used] largement ; it is widely accepted that il est largement admis que ; it is widely believed that beaucoup de gens pensent que ; a country widely admired for its technology un pays qui fait l'admiration générale pour sa technologie ; this product is now widely available ce produit est maintenant en vente libre ; to be widely known être bien connu (for pour) ; she is widely regarded as an expert in her field elle est considérée par beaucoup comme étant un expert dans son domaine ; these are not widely held views ce ne sont pas des opinions très répandues ;2 ( at a distance) [spaced, planted] à de grands intervalles ; ( over a large area) [travel] beaucoup ; to be widely travelled avoir beaucoup voyagé ; copies of the magazine circulate widely les exemplaires du magazine ont une grande diffusion ; -
3 widely
widely [ˈwaɪdlɪ]• it is widely believed that... on pense généralement que...b. ( = much) [travel] beaucoup• to be widely read [reader] avoir beaucoup lu* * *['waɪdlɪ]1) ( commonly) largementa country widely admired for its technology — un pays qui fait l'admiration générale pour sa technologie
to be widely available — [product] être en vente libre
to be widely known — être bien connu ( for pour)
2) [spaced] à de grands intervalles; [travel, differ] beaucoup -
4 widely
['waɪdlɪ]1) (commonly)widely available — [ product] distribuito su vasta scala
2) (at a distance) [spaced, planted] a grande distanza3) (significantly) [ differ] considerevolmente* * *adverb completamente* * *['waɪdlɪ]1) (commonly)widely available — [ product] distribuito su vasta scala
2) (at a distance) [spaced, planted] a grande distanza3) (significantly) [ differ] considerevolmente -
5 view
1. nвзгляд, мнение, суждение; точка зренияto abandon one's view — отказываться от своего мнения
to acquaint oneself with the view of smb — знакомится с точкой зрения кого-л.
to be contrary to smb's views — противоречить чьим-л. взглядам
to be moderate in one's views — придерживаться умеренных взглядов
to be of the view — считать, полагать
to color smb's view of smth — характеризовать чью-л. точку зрения на...
to depart from one's views — отступать от своих взглядов
to endorse the view of smb — поддерживать чью-л. точку зрения
to enlarge on one's views — подробно излагать свои взгляды
to explore the views of smb — выяснять чьи-л. взгляды
to express the view — выражать мнение / точку зрения
to formulate / to give views on smth — формулировать / высказывать / излагать взгляды на что-л.
to go towards meeting smb's view — пойти навстречу чьему-л. мнению
to investigate smb's political views — расследовать чьи-л. политические взгляды
to present one's view — высказывать свое мнение
to present smb's point of view — представлять чью-л. точку зрения
to publicize one's views — рекламировать свои взгляды
to put forward views on smth — формулировать / высказывать / излагать взгляды на что-л.
to reassess one's view of smb — пересматривать свое мнение о ком-л.
to reflect views — отражать взгляды / точки зрения
to reinforce the widely held view that... — подтверждать широко распространенное мнение о том, что...
- aesthetic viewsto take a different view — придерживаться иного мнения / взгляда
- alien views
- backward views
- broad spectrum of views
- cautiously optimistic view
- clash of views
- community of views
- conflicting views
- consensus view
- conservative views
- constructive exchange of views
- controversial views
- critical view
- defeatist views
- delegations subscribing to the view in paragraph 1
- democratic views
- depressing view - dissenting view
- divergent views
- eclectic views
- erroneous views
- evolutionistic views - extreme views
- extremist views
- fallacy of a point of view
- healthy views
- heretical views
- idealistic views - independent view
- leftist views
- left-wing views
- liberal bourgeois views
- mainstream view
- mixed views
- nationalistic views
- old views
- opposing views
- opposite views
- optimistic view
- orthodox view
- pessimistic view
- philosophical views
- political views
- positivistic views
- predominant view
- progressive social views
- progressive views
- radical views
- reactionary views
- religions views
- retrospective view
- scientific view of the world
- scientific views
- sensible view
- sober view
- social view
- spirited defense of one's view
- strong political views
- tolerance of divergent political views
- traditional view
- unanimity of views
- unity of views
- view of things
- views on topical international problems 2. vобозревать; рассматривать; считатьto view smth in isolation from smth — рассматривать что-л. изолированно от чего-л.
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6 Meinung
Meinung f GEN view, opinion, thinking, point of view • anderer Meinung sein GEN be of a different opinion, take a different view • bei seiner Meinung bleiben GEN sit tight • eine andere Meinung vertreten GEN be of a different opinion, take a different view • eine Meinung äußern POL deliver an opinion, express an opinion • meiner bescheidenen Meinung nach COMP, KOMM in my humble opinion, IMHO (Internet) • meiner Meinung nach COMP, KOMM in my opinion, IMO (Internet) • seine Meinung äußern GEN air one’s opinions* * *f < Geschäft> view, opinion, thinking, point of view ■ anderer Meinung sein < Geschäft> be of a different opinion, take a different view ■ bei seiner Meinung bleiben < Geschäft> sit tight ■ eine andere Meinung vertreten < Geschäft> be of a different opinion, take a different view ■ eine Meinung äußern < Pol> deliver an opinion, express an opinion ■ meiner bescheidenen Meinung nach <Comp, Komm> internet in my humble opinion (IMHO) ■ meiner Meinung nach <Comp, Komm> internet in my opinion (IMO) ■ seine Meinung äußern < Geschäft> air one's opinions* * *Meinung
mind, opinion, [point of] view, ground;
• entgegen einer weit verbreiteten Meinung contrary to the widely held view;
• nach Meinung der Sachverständigen in the opinion of the experts;
• ohne Rücksicht auf die öffentliche Meinung heedless of public opinion;
• vor den Schranken der öffentlichen Meinung at the bar of public opinion;
• abweichende Meinung dissenting (separate) opinion, dissent;
• allgemeine Meinung widespread opinion;
• einhellige Meinung common consent, concurrence of opinion;
• herrschende Meinung received opinion (doctrine), prevailing opinion;
• konträre Meinungen opposing opinions;
• maßgebliche Meinung opinion of official quarters;
• öffentliche Meinung public opinion (sentiment), vox populi (lat.), Mrs. Grundy (Br.);
• weit verbreitete Meinung widely held opinion;
• vorgefasste Meinung bias, prejudice[d opinion];
• in der Begründung zustimmende Meinung concurrent opinion (US);
• Meinung der Schriftleitung editorial view;
• Meinungen der Zeitgenossen latter-day opinions;
• seine Meinung abgeben to put forward an opinion;
• öffentliche Meinung abschätzen to gauge public opinion;
• seine abweichende Meinung ändern to change one=s opinion (ground), to shift in one=s mind;
• sich einer Meinung anschließen to accede to an opinion;
• öffentliche Meinung beeinflussen to bias the opinion of the people, to manufacture public opinion;
• seine persönliche Meinung zum Ausdruck bringen to give one=s own personal views;
• sich in Gegensatz zur öffentlichen Meinung bringen to place o. s. in opposition to public opinion;
• Meinung der Sitzungsteilnehmer einholen to take the census of a meeting;
• Meinung der breiten Masse erforschen to go down to grass-root views;
• noch keine feste Meinung haben to have no settled opinion;
• öffentliche Meinung auf seiner Seite haben to have public sentiment in one=s pocket;
• Übereinstimmung in der öffentlichen Meinung herbeiführen to line up public opinion;
• Meinungen der Sitzungsteilnehmer auseinander gehen lassen to divide the meeting;
• sich die öffentliche Meinung dienstbar machen to exploit public opinion;
• öffentliche Meinung mobilisieren (mobil machen) to mobilize public sentiments;
• von der öffentlichen Meinung keine Notiz nehmen to sail against the wind;
• in der Frage einer Tarifänderung geteilter Meinung sein to divide upon tariff revision;
• mit der öffentlichen Meinung übereinstimmen to be in harmony with public opinion;
• öffentliche Meinung widerspiegeln to reflect (be a reflex of) public opinion;
• Meinung einer Menschenmenge wiedergeben to voice the feelings of the crowd. -
7 Staudinger, Hermann
[br]b. 23 March 1881 Worms, Germanyd. 8 September 1965 Freiberg im Breisgau, Germany[br]German chemist, founder of polymer chemistry.[br]Staudinger studied chemistry at the universities of Halle, Darmstadt and Munich, originally as a preparation for botanical studies, but chemistry claimed his full attention. He followed an academic career, with professorships at Karlsruhe in 1908, Zurich in 1912 and Freiberg from 1926 until his retirement in 1951. Staudinger began his work as an organic chemist by following well-established lines of research, but from 1920 he struck out in a new direction. Until that time, rubber and other apparently non-crystalline materials with high molecular weight were supposed to consist of a disordered collection of small molecules. Staudinger investigated the structure of rubber and realized that it was made up of very large molecules with many basic groups of atoms held together by normal chemical bonds. Substances formed in this way are known as "polymers". Staudinger's views first met with opposition, but he developed methods of determining the molecular weights of these "high polymers". Finally, the introduction of X-ray crystallographic investigation of chemical structure confirmed his views. This discovery has proved to be the basis of a new branch of chemistry with momentous consequences for industry. From it stemmed the synthetic rubber, plastics, fibres, adhesives and other industries, with all their multifarious applications in everyday life. The Staudinger equation, linking viscosity with molecular weight, is still widely used, albeit with some reservations, in the polymer industry.During the 1930s, Staudinger turned his attention to biopolymers and foresaw the discovery some twenty years later that these macromolecules were the building blocks of life. In 1953 he belatedly received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize in Chemistry 1953.Bibliography1961, Arbeitserinnerungen, Heidelberg; pub. in English, 1970 as From Organic Chemistry to Macromolecules, New York (includes a comprehensive bibliography of 644 items).Further ReadingE.Farber, 1963, Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry, New York.R.C.Olby, 1970, "The macromolecular concept and the origins of molecular biology", J. Chem. Ed. 47:168–74.LRD -
8 Gillette, King Camp
[br]b. 5 January 1855 Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, USAd. 9 July 1932 Los Angeles, California, USA[br]American inventor and manufacturer, inventor of the safety razor.[br]Gillette's formal education in Chicago was brought to an end when a disastrous fire destroyed all his father's possessions. Forced to fend for himself, he worked first in the hardware trade in Chicago and New York, then as a travelling salesman. Gillette inherited the family talent for invention, but found that his successful inventions barely paid for those that failed. He was advised by a previous employer, William Painter (inventor of the Crown Cork), to look around for something that could be used widely and then thrown away. In 1895 he succeeded in following that advice of inventing something which people could use and then throw away, so that they would keep coming back for more. An idea came to him while he was honing an old-fashioned razor one morning; he was struck by the fact that only a short piece of the whole length of a cutthroat razor is actually used for shaving, as well as by the potentially dangerous nature of the implement. He "rushed out to purchase some pieces of brass, some steel ribbon used for clock springs, a small hand vise and some files". He thought of using a thin steel blade sharpened on each side, placed between two plates and held firmly together by a handle. Though coming from a family of inventors, Gillette had no formal technical education and was entirely ignorant of metallurgy. For six years he sought a way of making a cheap blade from sheet steel that could be hardened, tempered and sharpened to a keen edge.Gillette eventually found financial supporters: Henry Sachs, a Boston lamp manufacturer; his brother-in-law Jacob Heilbron; and William Nickerson, who had a considerable talent for invention. By skilled trial and error rather than expert metallurgical knowledge, Nickerson devised ways of forming and sharpening the blades, and it was these that brought commercial success. In 1901, the American Safety Razor Company, later to be renamed the Gillette Safety Razor Company, was set up. When it started production in 1903 the company was badly in debt, and managed to sell only fifty-one razors and 168 blades; but by the end of the following year, 90,000 razors and 12.4 million blades had been sold. A sound invention coupled with shrewd promotion ensured further success, and eight plants manufacturing safety razors were established in various parts of the world. Gillette's business experiences led him into the realms of social theory about the way society should be organized. He formulated his views in a series of books published over the years 1894 to 1910. He believed that competition led to a waste of up to 90 per cent of human effort and that want and crime would be eliminated by substituting a giant trust to plan production centrally. Unfortunately, the public in America, or anywhere else for that matter, were not ready for this form of Utopia; no omniscient planners were available, and human wants and needs were too various to be supplied by a single agency. Even so, some of his ideas have found favour: air conditioning and government provision of work for the unemployed. Gillette made a fortune from his invention and retired from active participation in the business in 1913, although he remained President until 1931 and Director until his death.[br]Bibliography"Origin of the Gillette razor", Gillette Blade (February/March).Further ReadingObituary, 1932, New York Times (11 July).J.Jewkes, D.Sawers and R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention, London: Macmillan.LRD / IMcN
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